Top 30 Laser Specialist Interview Questions and Answers [Updated 2025]

Author

Andre Mendes

March 30, 2025

Navigating the competitive field of laser technology can be challenging, especially when preparing for a Laser Specialist interview. In this updated guide, you'll find a curated selection of the most common interview questions tailored for this role. Alongside each question, we provide example answers and insightful tips to help you respond effectively, boosting your confidence and readiness for any interview scenario.

Download Laser Specialist Interview Questions in PDF

To make your preparation even more convenient, we've compiled all these top Laser Specialistinterview questions and answers into a handy PDF.

Click the button below to download the PDF and have easy access to these essential questions anytime, anywhere:

List of Laser Specialist Interview Questions

Technical Interview Questions

LASER OPERATION

Can you explain the different types of lasers you have worked with and their specific applications?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Identify specific laser types you have experience with

  2. 2

    Include practical applications or projects for each type of laser

  3. 3

    Mention any relevant technologies or techniques associated with those lasers

  4. 4

    Highlight the results or impacts of using those lasers in your work

  5. 5

    Keep your answer focused and relevant to the position you’re applying for

Example Answers

1

I have worked primarily with CO2 lasers, which are widely used in cutting and engraving. In one project, I utilized a CO2 laser for precision cutting of acrylic sheets, achieving clean edges and high efficiency. I also have experience with Nd:YAG lasers in medical applications, specifically in dermatology for laser hair removal, which demonstrated effective results with minimal downtime for patients.

Practice this and other questions with AI feedback
LASER ALIGNMENT

What methods do you use to ensure precise alignment of laser optics?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Use precise alignment tools such as laser collimators.

  2. 2

    Regularly check the alignment with reference beams.

  3. 3

    Employ software simulations to predict optical paths.

  4. 4

    Make small incremental adjustments and verify often.

  5. 5

    Document alignment settings for future reference.

Example Answers

1

I use laser collimators to ensure that all optics are aligned to the same optical axis. Regular checks with reference beams help me catch any misalignment early.

INTERACTIVE PRACTICE
READING ISN'T ENOUGH

Don't Just Read Laser Specialist Questions - Practice Answering Them!

Reading helps, but actual practice is what gets you hired. Our AI feedback system helps you improve your Laser Specialist interview answers in real-time.

Personalized feedback

Unlimited practice

Used by hundreds of successful candidates

OPTICAL COMPONENTS

Can you discuss your experience with selecting and maintaining optical components such as lenses and mirrors in laser systems?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Start with your relevant background and experience with lasers.

  2. 2

    Mention specific types of lenses and mirrors you have worked with.

  3. 3

    Discuss the criteria for selection, such as wavelength, coating, and material.

  4. 4

    Explain how you maintain these components to ensure optimal performance.

  5. 5

    Provide an example of a challenge faced and how you resolved it.

Example Answers

1

I have over 3 years of experience working with laser systems, specifically in selecting optical components like AR-coated lenses and dielectric mirrors. I choose these based on their specifications to suit the 532 nm wavelength of the lasers I work with. Maintenance involves regular cleaning and checking for damage to avoid performance issues. For example, I once resolved a persistent power drop by replacing a degraded mirror that was absorbing laser energy.

LASER SAFETY

What are the key laser safety standards and regulations you follow, and how do you implement them in your work?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Identify specific laser safety standards like ANSI Z136 and OSHA regulations.

  2. 2

    Explain how you ensure compliance through training and education for the team.

  3. 3

    Describe measures you take for proper equipment maintenance and regular safety audits.

  4. 4

    Discuss personal protective equipment (PPE) use and eye protection protocols.

  5. 5

    Mention how you keep updated with changes in safety regulations.

Example Answers

1

I follow ANSI Z136 standards and OSHA regulations closely. I conduct safety training sessions for my team, ensuring everyone understands proper protocols. We perform regular equipment checks and have a schedule for safety audits to ensure compliance.

TROUBLESHOOTING

What is your process for troubleshooting a misbehaving laser system?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Start by clearly defining the problem as reported by the user.

  2. 2

    Check the system logs for error messages or unusual behavior.

  3. 3

    Inspect hardware components such as optics and connectors for damage or misalignment.

  4. 4

    Run diagnostic tests to isolate the issue, changing one variable at a time.

  5. 5

    Consult manuals and documentation to identify potential fixes and verify settings.

Example Answers

1

I begin by asking the user to describe the issue in detail, then review system logs for any errors. Next, I physically inspect components for defects and run diagnostics to pinpoint the problem.

LASER CALIBRATION

Explain the process you follow to calibrate a laser to ensure optimal performance.

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Start by outlining the key steps you take during calibration.

  2. 2

    Mention specific tools or instruments used in the calibration process.

  3. 3

    Demonstrate understanding of parameters such as beam quality and wavelength adjustments.

  4. 4

    Explain how you verify that the calibration is successful.

  5. 5

    Conclude with how you ensure ongoing maintenance and check-ups.

Example Answers

1

I begin the calibration process by verifying the laser alignment using a beam profiler. Next, I adjust the power settings and inspect the output beam profile to ensure optimal quality. I use a spectrometer to check the wavelength accuracy, followed by a series of performance tests to confirm the settings. Finally, I document the calibration data for future reference and schedule regular maintenance checks.

FIBER OPTICS

What experience do you have with fiber-coupled laser systems?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Highlight specific roles where you used fiber-coupled lasers.

  2. 2

    Mention the types of applications or projects involving these systems.

  3. 3

    Discuss any troubleshooting or maintenance tasks you performed.

  4. 4

    Reference any training or certifications related to laser technology.

  5. 5

    Use technical terms appropriately to show familiarity without overwhelming.

Example Answers

1

In my previous role as a Laser Technician, I worked with fiber-coupled laser systems for material processing, focusing on cutting and engraving. I also handled the routine maintenance and troubleshooting, ensuring optimal performance.

SPECTROSCOPY

How do you incorporate spectroscopic techniques in laser research or applications?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Explain specific spectroscopic techniques you have used, such as Raman or IR spectroscopy.

  2. 2

    Discuss how these techniques enhance laser applications, like material analysis or medical diagnostics.

  3. 3

    Mention any successful projects or results achieved using these techniques.

  4. 4

    Highlight your familiarity with both theory and practical implementations of spectroscopy.

  5. 5

    Emphasize teamwork or collaboration in these research projects.

Example Answers

1

In my recent project, I used Raman spectroscopy to analyze microstructural changes in polymer films when subjected to laser treatments, which helped in optimizing their properties for industrial applications.

PHOTONICS

Discuss your understanding and experience with photonic devices and their integration with laser systems.

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Start by defining photonic devices and their relevance to laser systems

  2. 2

    Mention specific types of photonic devices you've worked with

  3. 3

    Discuss your experience in integrating these devices with lasers

  4. 4

    Highlight any projects or results from your integration work

  5. 5

    Conclude with your understanding of challenges and solutions in integration.

Example Answers

1

Photonic devices are crucial in laser systems, such as modulators and detectors. I have experience with semiconductor laser diodes and optical pumps, which I integrated into a fiber laser system, enhancing its performance significantly. My project improved the output efficiency by 20%.

PULSE LASERS

What are the key considerations when working with pulsed laser systems compared to continuous wave systems?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Highlight the differences in energy delivery between pulsed and continuous wave lasers.

  2. 2

    Mention the significance of pulse duration and repetition rate for application suitability.

  3. 3

    Discuss the thermal effects and how they vary with each type of laser operation.

  4. 4

    Consider the safety implications and necessary protective measures unique to pulsed lasers.

  5. 5

    Talk about the potential applications and industries where each system is preferable.

Example Answers

1

When working with pulsed lasers, I'm aware that they deliver energy in bursts, which can minimize heat damage to materials. The pulse duration and repetition rate are crucial; for instance, short pulses allow for high precision in cutting. Thermal effects lead to less heat accumulation compared to continuous wave lasers, important for sensitive applications.

INTERACTIVE PRACTICE
READING ISN'T ENOUGH

Don't Just Read Laser Specialist Questions - Practice Answering Them!

Reading helps, but actual practice is what gets you hired. Our AI feedback system helps you improve your Laser Specialist interview answers in real-time.

Personalized feedback

Unlimited practice

Used by hundreds of successful candidates

Behavioral Interview Questions

PROBLEM-SOLVING

Describe a time when you encountered a problem with a laser system. How did you diagnose and fix the issue?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Identify a specific problem you faced with a laser system.

  2. 2

    Explain your thought process for diagnosing the issue step by step.

  3. 3

    Detail the actions you took to fix the problem.

  4. 4

    Mention any tools or methods you used during the diagnosis or repair.

  5. 5

    Conclude with the outcome of your efforts and any lessons learned.

Example Answers

1

In my previous role, the laser cutter stopped functioning mid-job. I first checked the power supply and found a loose connection. I reseated the wires and tested the system again, which resolved the issue. This experience taught me the importance of regular maintenance checks.

TEAM COLLABORATION

Tell me about a project where you had to collaborate with engineers and technicians to complete a complex laser installation.

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Choose a specific project that highlights teamwork and problem-solving.

  2. 2

    Briefly describe your role and contributions in the project.

  3. 3

    Mention the engineers' and technicians' roles and how you worked together.

  4. 4

    Highlight any challenges faced and how collaboration helped overcome them.

  5. 5

    Conclude with the results of the project and any feedback received.

Example Answers

1

In my previous role, I worked on a project to install a new laser system in a manufacturing facility. I was responsible for coordinating with mechanical engineers and technicians to ensure proper alignment and setup. We faced challenges with power supply issues, but through daily meetings and collaboration, we devised a workaround that kept us on schedule. The project was completed successfully and resulted in a 30% increase in production efficiency.

INTERACTIVE PRACTICE
READING ISN'T ENOUGH

Don't Just Read Laser Specialist Questions - Practice Answering Them!

Reading helps, but actual practice is what gets you hired. Our AI feedback system helps you improve your Laser Specialist interview answers in real-time.

Personalized feedback

Unlimited practice

Used by hundreds of successful candidates

ADAPTABILITY

Give an example of how you adapted to a new laser technology or tool that was introduced in your workplace.

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Identify a specific laser technology you adapted to.

  2. 2

    Describe the learning process: training, research, or hands-on practice.

  3. 3

    Mention any challenges you faced and how you overcame them.

  4. 4

    Highlight the positive impact this adaptation had on your work or team.

  5. 5

    Conclude with what skills you gained from this experience.

Example Answers

1

In my previous role, we adopted a new fractional laser system. I attended a comprehensive training session and practiced under supervision. Initially, I struggled with the settings, but I spent extra time reviewing manuals and watching tutorials. This helped me become proficient, and I was able to perform treatments confidently, improving patient satisfaction and efficiency.

CONFLICT RESOLUTION

Describe a situation where you had a disagreement with a team member regarding a laser project. How did you resolve it?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Focus on a specific project or disagreement.

  2. 2

    Explain the perspectives of both sides clearly.

  3. 3

    Describe the steps you took to communicate and reach a resolution.

  4. 4

    Emphasize the outcome and what you learned from the situation.

  5. 5

    Highlight collaboration and maintaining a positive working relationship.

Example Answers

1

In a recent project, my colleague and I disagreed on the laser settings for fine-tuning. I believed a higher intensity would yield better results, while he preferred a lower setting to avoid damaging the material. To resolve it, we decided to run side-by-side tests. The results showed that his suggestions produced better quality while keeping the material safe. We agreed to combine our approaches in future projects. This taught me the value of testing ideas collaboratively.

INNOVATION

Can you provide an example of how you contributed an innovative solution to a laser-based project?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Describe the specific project and your role in it.

  2. 2

    Explain the challenge or problem that needed innovation.

  3. 3

    Detail the innovative solution you proposed or implemented.

  4. 4

    Highlight the results or impact of your solution.

  5. 5

    Emphasize any teamwork or collaboration involved.

Example Answers

1

In my last project, we were experiencing inefficiencies with the laser cutting process. I suggested using a real-time feedback system to monitor accuracy. By implementing this, we increased precision by 20% and reduced waste significantly. The team collaborated on the software integration, which improved our productivity overall.

TECHNICAL TRAINING

Have you ever trained others in the operation of lasers? What approach did you take to ensure they learned effectively?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Share a specific instance of training someone on lasers.

  2. 2

    Describe the training methods you used, such as hands-on practice or demonstrations.

  3. 3

    Emphasize your focus on safety and understanding the technology.

  4. 4

    Mention any feedback mechanisms you employed to assess comprehension.

  5. 5

    Highlight results, such as their improved performance or confidence.

Example Answers

1

Yes, I trained new technicians on laser operation at my previous job. I used hands-on demonstrations followed by supervised practice, ensuring they understood both the operation and safety protocols. After each session, I asked for feedback to gauge their comfort level and made adjustments as needed. This resulted in all trainees becoming proficient and confident in laser use within a few weeks.

ATTENTION TO DETAIL

Describe a time when your attention to detail saved a project from potential errors.

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Choose a specific project where details were critical.

  2. 2

    Focus on a particular error that was avoided due to your attention.

  3. 3

    Explain the impact of your actions on the project's success.

  4. 4

    Use the STAR method: Situation, Task, Action, Result.

  5. 5

    Keep it concise and relevant to the Laser Specialist role.

Example Answers

1

In my last project, we were preparing a laser calibration for a critical client demo. I noticed discrepancies in the setup parameters that could have led to incorrect readings. By alerting the team and correcting these values, we ensured accurate calibration, which impressed the client and secured further contracts.

CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT

What steps do you take to continuously improve your knowledge and skills in laser technology?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Attend industry conferences and workshops focused on laser technology

  2. 2

    Subscribe to relevant journals and publications in the field

  3. 3

    Engage with online forums and communities of laser professionals

  4. 4

    Pursue certifications or additional training courses related to lasers

  5. 5

    Experiment with different laser systems and technologies in hands-on settings

Example Answers

1

I regularly attend industry conferences like the American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery to stay updated on the latest advancements. I also subscribe to several laser technology journals to read about new research.

NETWORKING

How do you stay informed about the latest advancements and trends in laser technology?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Follow reputable laser technology journals and publications for the latest research.

  2. 2

    Join professional associations related to laser technology to access resources and networking.

  3. 3

    Attend industry conferences, webinars or workshops focused on laser advancements.

  4. 4

    Subscribe to online forums or social media groups where professionals discuss new trends.

  5. 5

    Engage with manufacturers of laser equipment for updates on their latest products and technologies.

Example Answers

1

I regularly read journals like 'Laser Focus World' and 'Journal of Laser Applications' to keep up with the latest research and trends in laser technology.

MISTAKE MANAGEMENT

Describe a time when you made a mistake during a laser project. What did you learn and how did you address it?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Identify a specific mistake and provide context.

  2. 2

    Explain how this mistake affected the project.

  3. 3

    Discuss the steps you took to correct the mistake.

  4. 4

    Share the lesson you learned from the experience.

  5. 5

    Keep the focus on your growth and problem-solving skills.

Example Answers

1

In one of my laser hair removal projects, I mistakenly used the wrong wavelength for a specific skin type. This led to reduced efficacy. I quickly realized the error, educated the team, and we adjusted our parameters. I learned the importance of double-checking equipment settings and now always verify before starting treatments.

INTERACTIVE PRACTICE
READING ISN'T ENOUGH

Don't Just Read Laser Specialist Questions - Practice Answering Them!

Reading helps, but actual practice is what gets you hired. Our AI feedback system helps you improve your Laser Specialist interview answers in real-time.

Personalized feedback

Unlimited practice

Used by hundreds of successful candidates

Situational Interview Questions

SAFETY PROTOCOL

If a safety alert is triggered in the lab while operating a high-power laser, what steps would you take to ensure the safety of all personnel?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Immediately stop the laser operation to prevent any accidents.

  2. 2

    Activate the emergency stop and alert the supervisor or lab manager.

  3. 3

    Evacuate the area, ensuring everyone is aware of the situation.

  4. 4

    Check for injuries and provide first aid if needed.

  5. 5

    Follow up with an incident report after ensuring safety.

Example Answers

1

First, I would stop the laser to eliminate the risk of exposure. Then, I would activate the emergency stop and notify my supervisor. After that, I would ensure everyone evacuates the area safely, checking for any injured personnel before we leave.

EQUIPMENT FAILURE

You are in the middle of a critical laser procedure and the laser suddenly stops working. What actions would you take to manage this situation?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Stay calm and assess the situation quickly.

  2. 2

    Inform the surgical team immediately about the malfunction.

  3. 3

    Follow established protocol for laser malfunction.

  4. 4

    Check the equipment for basic issues like power supply.

  5. 5

    Prepare to transfer to backup procedures or therapies if needed.

Example Answers

1

In this situation, I would first stay calm and assess what went wrong. I would immediately inform the surgical team of the malfunction. Then, I would follow the established protocol for such incidents, checking the power supply and ensuring we can safely continue or switch to backup procedures.

INTERACTIVE PRACTICE
READING ISN'T ENOUGH

Don't Just Read Laser Specialist Questions - Practice Answering Them!

Reading helps, but actual practice is what gets you hired. Our AI feedback system helps you improve your Laser Specialist interview answers in real-time.

Personalized feedback

Unlimited practice

Used by hundreds of successful candidates

CLIENT REQUIREMENTS

A client requests a laser system setup that doesn't align with your assessment of their needs. How would you handle this discrepancy?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Listen carefully to the client's request and concerns.

  2. 2

    Ask open-ended questions to understand their motivations and requirements.

  3. 3

    Share your expert assessment and explain the reasons for your recommendations.

  4. 4

    Collaborate to find a solution that aligns their needs with the best practices.

  5. 5

    Stay professional and ensure the client feels heard and valued.

Example Answers

1

I would first listen closely to the client's specific request to understand their perspective. Then, I'd ask follow-up questions to clarify their needs and share my assessment, explaining why a different setup might be more effective. Together, we can discuss options that meet their goals while ensuring safety and efficacy.

PROJECT DEADLINE

You are given a tight deadline for a laser system deployment. How would you prioritize tasks to ensure timely completion without compromising quality?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Identify critical tasks that directly impact deployment success.

  2. 2

    Use a task management tool to visualize priorities and deadlines.

  3. 3

    Communicate with your team to delegate tasks effectively.

  4. 4

    Focus on quality checkpoints to ensure standards are met.

  5. 5

    Adjust the plan as needed while monitoring progress closely.

Example Answers

1

I would start by listing all tasks and identifying which ones are essential for the deployment. Then, I’d use a project management tool to assign deadlines and track progress, ensuring that any quality check is integrated into the timeline. Team communication would be key to delegate effectively and adjust priorities as necessary.

RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS

How would you manage a situation where you have limited resources to complete a crucial laser assay?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Prioritize tasks and focus on the essential steps

  2. 2

    Communicate with colleagues to collaborate on solutions

  3. 3

    Identify alternative methods or tools to complete the assay

  4. 4

    Utilize time management strategies to maximize output

  5. 5

    Document the challenges faced and the solutions implemented

Example Answers

1

In a situation with limited resources, I would first identify the most critical tasks necessary to complete the laser assay and focus on those. Collaborating with my team to see if anyone could share resources or tools would be next. If needed, I would explore alternative methods to achieve the same results within the constraints we are facing.

UNEXPECTED RESULTS

You receive unexpected results from a laser experiment. How would you approach analyzing and understanding these results?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Review the experimental setup and parameters to ensure accuracy.

  2. 2

    Gather data and document the unexpected results precisely.

  3. 3

    Consult relevant literature for similar cases and potential explanations.

  4. 4

    Discuss findings with team members or mentors for fresh perspectives.

  5. 5

    Design follow-up experiments to test hypotheses derived from your analysis.

Example Answers

1

I would first revisit the experimental setup to verify that everything was configured correctly. Then, I would document the unexpected results in detail and look for patterns. Next, I'd research literature to see if others have encountered similar issues. Collaborating with colleagues for brainstorming would be my next step before proposing follow-up experiments to clarify the outcomes.

TEAM MANAGEMENT

How would you handle a situation where a team member is not following the laser safety protocols you set?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Address the issue privately to avoid embarrassment.

  2. 2

    Clearly communicate the importance of the safety protocols.

  3. 3

    Provide specific examples of how the protocols protect everyone.

  4. 4

    Offer additional training or resources if needed.

  5. 5

    Encourage open dialogue about safety concerns.

Example Answers

1

I would first speak to the team member privately to understand why they are not following the protocols. I would emphasize how crucial these protocols are for everyone’s safety and offer additional training if they feel unsure about the procedures.

EQUIPMENT UPGRADE

A piece of laser equipment is not performing up to standard, and you need to recommend an upgrade. How would you present this case to management?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Identify specific performance issues with the current laser equipment.

  2. 2

    Research and present data supporting the benefits of an upgrade.

  3. 3

    Outline the potential return on investment from the upgrade.

  4. 4

    Prepare a comparison between the current system and the recommended upgrade.

  5. 5

    Be ready to address potential concerns from management about budgeting or implementation.

Example Answers

1

I would start by detailing the specific performance issues we're encountering, such as reduced efficiency and increased downtime. Then, I would present data showing how the latest model has improved features that would resolve these issues. I would also demonstrate potential cost savings over time to justify the investment.

CUSTOMER COMMUNICATION

How would you explain a complex laser system to a non-technical client or stakeholder?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Start with the basics and define what a laser is.

  2. 2

    Use analogies that relate to everyday experiences.

  3. 3

    Break down the laser system's components and functions into simple terms.

  4. 4

    Focus on the benefits and practical applications of the laser system.

  5. 5

    Encourage questions and be patient in your explanations.

Example Answers

1

A laser is a device that produces a powerful beam of light. Think of it like a flashlight but much stronger and more focused. This laser system has parts that help manage its power and direction, allowing us to use it for tasks like surgery or cutting materials efficiently.

PROJECT COORDINATION

You are tasked with coordinating the setup and testing of a new laser lab with multiple parties involved. How would you approach this task to ensure smooth operation?

How to Answer

  1. 1

    Identify all stakeholders involved and their specific roles

  2. 2

    Create a detailed project plan with timelines and milestones

  3. 3

    Schedule regular meetings for updates and addressing concerns

  4. 4

    Establish clear communication channels between all parties

  5. 5

    Conduct a risk assessment and prepare contingency plans

Example Answers

1

First, I would list all the stakeholders, including engineers, suppliers, and technicians. Then, I would develop a project plan outlining key milestones for setting up and testing the lab. I would schedule regular meetings to discuss progress and barriers. Clear communication via a dedicated platform would be set up to ensure everyone is aligned. Lastly, I'd assess any risks and have fallback plans ready.

INTERACTIVE PRACTICE
READING ISN'T ENOUGH

Don't Just Read Laser Specialist Questions - Practice Answering Them!

Reading helps, but actual practice is what gets you hired. Our AI feedback system helps you improve your Laser Specialist interview answers in real-time.

Personalized feedback

Unlimited practice

Used by hundreds of successful candidates

Laser Specialist Position Details

Recommended Job Boards

CareerBuilder

www.careerbuilder.com/jobs/laser-specialist

These job boards are ranked by relevance for this position.

Related Positions

  • X Ray Technician
  • X Ray Operator
  • Radar Technician
  • Laboratory Supervisor
  • Laboratory Assistant
  • Sonar Technician
  • Welding Technician
  • Spectroscopist
  • Heating Technician
  • Laser Technician

Similar positions you might be interested in.

Table of Contents

  • Download PDF of Laser Speciali...
  • List of Laser Specialist Inter...
  • Technical Interview Questions
  • Behavioral Interview Questions
  • Situational Interview Question...
  • Position Details
PREMIUM

Ace Your Next Interview!

Practice with AI feedback & get hired faster

Personalized feedback

Used by hundreds of successful candidates

PREMIUM

Ace Your Next Interview!

Practice with AI feedback & get hired faster

Personalized feedback

Used by hundreds of successful candidates

Interview Questions

© 2025 Mock Interview Pro. All rights reserved.